Prostate Specific Antigen research, Prostate Specific Antigen source

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an androgen-regulated serine protease produced by both prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer (PCa) and is the most commonly used serum marker for cancer. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. Prostate-specific antigen is present in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer and in other prostate disorders.

PSA is a major protein in semen , where its function is to cleave semenogelins in the seminal coagulum. PSA is secreted into prostatic ducts as an inactive 244–amino acid proenzyme (proPSA) that is activated by cleavage of seven N-terminal amino acids. PSA that enters the circulation intact is rapidly bound by protease inhibitors, primarily alpha1-antichymotrypsin, although a fraction is inactivated in the lumen by proteolysis and circulates as free PSA

A PSA blood test is the most effective test currently available for the early detection of prostate cancer. Higher than normal levels of PSA are associated with both localized and metastatic prostate cancer (CaP).

Human Transferrin Research, Holo Transferrin, Apo Transferrin

Human Transferrin is a plasma protein for iron ion delivery. Human Transferrin is a glycoprotein with homologous N-terminal and C-terminal iron binding domains. Transferrin(TF) is related to other iron binding proteins including lactoferrin . When human transferrin loaded with iron encounters a transferrin receptor on the surface of a cell, it binds to it and is consequently transported into the cell in a vesicle. The cell will acidify the vesicle, causing human transferrin(TF) to release its iron ions. Each  TRANSFERRIN  molecule has the ability to carry two iron ions in the ferric form (Fe3+). Commercially purified Human Apo Transferrin and human Holo Transferrin available from diagnostic raw material manufacturers such as Lee Biosolutions, Inc .

Human Lipase research, lipase studies

Pancreatic lipase is an enzyme secreted from the pancreas that uses hydrolysis to break a part fat molecules. Bile salts secreted from the liver and stored in gallbladder are released into the duodenum where they coat fat droplets. Pancreatic LIPASE  is secreted into the duodenum through the duct system of the pancreas. Normally lipase concentration in serum is very low. Under extreme disruption of pancreatic function, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the pancreas may begin to autolyse and release pancreatic enzymes into serum. Thus, through measurement of serum concentration of pancreatic lipase, pancreatitis can be diagnosed.